Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy, Harchandpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Department of Pharmacology, Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy, Baghpat, U.P., India.
3
Department of Pharmaceutics, Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy, Baghpat, U.P., India.
4
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Oxford College of Pharmacy, Hapur, U.P., India
5
Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat, characterized by the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant infections and the diminishing pipeline of novel antibiotics. The development of resistance mechanisms, including target site alteration, efflux pumps, and enzymatic inactivation, has contributed to the spread of AMR among human pathogens, both within healthcare settings and the broader community. These resistance mechanisms often arise in response to the misuse and overuse of antibiotics. Antimicrobial agents exert their effects through various mechanisms, such as inhibiting cell wall synthesis (e.g., β-lactams), protein synthesis (macrolides, tetracyclines), nucleic acid synthesis (fluoroquinolones, rifampin), or metabolic pathways (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). However, the emergence of AMR has challenged the efficacy of these agents. Addressing AMR requires a multifaceted approach, including optimizing antibiotic use, strengthening infection prevention and control measures, and accelerating the development of new antimicrobial agents and diagnostics. While some studies have shown the potential for reversing antimicrobial resistance under specific conditions, the overall challenge remains complex and multifaceted. This review provides an overview of AMR, its underlying mechanisms, and the critical need for global action to mitigate its impact.
Keywords
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